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| Domain hiding | Altered binding specificity | Motif hiding | Composite binding site formation |
| Uncategorised | Rheostatic | Allostery | Avidity-sensing |
| Physicochemical compatibility | Pre-translational | Competition |
| Protein | Motif | Start | End | Switch description | Information |
Type: Specificity Subtype: Domain hiding | |||||||
| A domain can be sterically masked by binding of an effector when there is a large difference in intrinsic affinity of the domain for different binding partners, or a large difference in the local abundance of these partners, thereby precluding further interactions of the domain. Binding of the masking molecule can be PTM-dependent or -independent. | |||||||
| BUB1B_HUMAN | DEG_APCC_KENBOX_2 | 303 | 307 | Binding of the second KEN-box motif of Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta (BUB1B), a subunit of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC), to the substrate recruitment site of Cell division cycle protein 20 homolog (CDC20), the substrate recognition subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), blocks binding of the Cdc20 substrate G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (CCNB1). As a result, G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (CCNB1) is not targeted for proteasomal degradation until metaphase, when the SAC is inhibited. Destruction of G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (CCNB1) is required for progression to the anaphase of the cell cycle. | |||
| CCNB1_HUMAN | DEG_APCC_DBOX_1 | 41 | 49 | Binding of the second KEN-box motif of Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta (BUB1B), a subunit of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC), to the substrate recruitment site of Cell division cycle protein 20 homolog (CDC20), the substrate recognition subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), blocks binding of the Cdc20 substrate G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (CCNB1). As a result, G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (CCNB1) is not targeted for proteasomal degradation until metaphase, when the SAC is inhibited. Destruction of G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-B1 (CCNB1) is required for progression to the anaphase of the cell cycle. | |||
| BUB1B_HUMAN | DEG_APCC_KENBOX_2 | 303 | 307 | Binding of the second KEN-box motif of Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta (BUB1B), a subunit of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC), to the substrate recruitment site of Cell division cycle protein 20 homolog (CDC20), the substrate recognition subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), blocks binding of the Cdc20 substrate Securin (PTTG1). As a result, Securin (PTTG1) is not targeted for proteasomal degradation until metaphase, when the SAC is inhibited. Destruction of Securin (PTTG1) is required for progression to the anaphase of the cell cycle. | |||
| PTTG1_HUMAN | DEG_APCC_DBOX_1 | 60 | 68 | Binding of the second KEN-box motif of Mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine-protein kinase BUB1 beta (BUB1B), a subunit of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC), to the substrate recruitment site of Cell division cycle protein 20 homolog (CDC20), the substrate recognition subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), blocks binding of the Cdc20 substrate Securin (PTTG1). As a result, Securin (PTTG1) is not targeted for proteasomal degradation until metaphase, when the SAC is inhibited. Destruction of Securin (PTTG1) is required for progression to the anaphase of the cell cycle. | |||
| ACM1_YEAST | DEG_APCC_KENBOX_2 | 97 | 101 | The KEN-box motif of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) binds to the substrate recruitment site of APC/C activator protein CDH1 (CDH1), the substrate recognition subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), and thereby blocks recruitment, and subsequent targeting for proteasomal degradation, of the Cdh1 substrate G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2 (CLB2). Degradation of G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2 (CLB2) is required for mitotic exit and maintenance of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and is allowed by Cdc20-dependent degradation of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) in anaphase. | |||
| CG22_YEAST | DEG_APCC_KENBOX_2 | 99 | 103 | The KEN-box motif of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) binds to the substrate recruitment site of APC/C activator protein CDH1 (CDH1), the substrate recognition subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), and thereby blocks recruitment, and subsequent targeting for proteasomal degradation, of the Cdh1 substrate G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2 (CLB2). Degradation of G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-2 (CLB2) is required for mitotic exit and maintenance of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and is allowed by Cdc20-dependent degradation of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) in anaphase. | |||
| ACM1_YEAST | DEG_APCC_KENBOX_2 | 97 | 101 | The KEN-box motif of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) binds to the substrate recruitment site of APC/C activator protein CDH1 (CDH1), the substrate recognition subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), and thereby blocks recruitment, and subsequent targeting for proteasomal degradation, of the Cdh1 substrate Kinesin-like protein CIN8 (CIN8). Degradation of Kinesin-like protein CIN8 (CIN8) is required for mitotic exit and maintenance of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and is allowed by Cdc20-dependent degradation of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) in anaphase. | |||
| CIN8_YEAST | DEG_APCC_KENBOX_2 | 931 | 935 | The KEN-box motif of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) binds to the substrate recruitment site of APC/C activator protein CDH1 (CDH1), the substrate recognition subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), and thereby blocks recruitment, and subsequent targeting for proteasomal degradation, of the Cdh1 substrate Kinesin-like protein CIN8 (CIN8). Degradation of Kinesin-like protein CIN8 (CIN8) is required for mitotic exit and maintenance of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and is allowed by Cdc20-dependent degradation of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) in anaphase. | |||
| ACM1_YEAST | DEG_APCC_KENBOX_2 | 97 | 101 | The KEN-box motif of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) binds to the substrate recruitment site of APC/C activator protein CDH1 (CDH1), the substrate recognition subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), and thereby blocks recruitment, and subsequent targeting for proteasomal degradation, of the Cdh1 substrate Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase HSL1 (HSL1). Degradation of Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase HSL1 (HSL1) is required for mitotic exit and maintenance of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and is allowed by Cdc20-dependent degradation of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) in anaphase. | |||
| HSL1_YEAST | DEG_APCC_KENBOX_2 | 774 | 778 | The KEN-box motif of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) binds to the substrate recruitment site of APC/C activator protein CDH1 (CDH1), the substrate recognition subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome (APC/C), and thereby blocks recruitment, and subsequent targeting for proteasomal degradation, of the Cdh1 substrate Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase HSL1 (HSL1). Degradation of Probable serine/threonine-protein kinase HSL1 (HSL1) is required for mitotic exit and maintenance of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and is allowed by Cdc20-dependent degradation of APC/C-CDH1 modulator 1 (ACM1) in anaphase. | |||
Type: Specificity Subtype: Competition | |||||||
| Competitive binding of multiple binding partners to overlapping or adjacent, mutually exclusive interaction interfaces depends on local target protein abundance, which can be regulated by changing the expression level or subcellular localisation of the competitors, or by scaffolding. | |||||||
| HES1_HUMAN | LIG_WRPW_1 | 275 | 280 | The Transducin-like enhancer protein 1 (TLE1) can recruit a wide range of transcriptional repressors via its WD domain, to which the WRPW motif of Transcription factor HES-1 (HES1) and the EH1 motif of Homeobox protein goosecoid (GSC) can bind using overlapping sites. | |||
| GSC_HUMAN | LIG_EH1_1 | 5 | 13 | The Transducin-like enhancer protein 1 (TLE1) can recruit a wide range of transcriptional repressors via its WD domain, to which the WRPW motif of Transcription factor HES-1 (HES1) and the EH1 motif of Homeobox protein goosecoid (GSC) can bind using overlapping sites. | |||
Type: Binary Subtype: Physicochemical compatibility | |||||||
| PTM of a residue in a motif or in its flanking regions alters the physicochemical and/or structural compatibility of the motif with its binding partner. This can either induce or enhance an interaction, or result in inhibition or even abrogation of an interaction. | |||||||
| LT_SV40 | DEG_SCF_FBW7_2 | 699 | 705 | Phosphorylation of T701 in the degron of Large T antigen induces binding to the F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBXW7) protein, which recruits it to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex where it is marked for degradation. | |||
| NOTC1_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_FBW7_2 | 2508 | 2515 | Phosphorylation of T2511 in the degron of Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 (NOTCH1) induces binding to the F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBXW7) protein, which recruits it to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex where it is marked for degradation. | |||
| IKBE_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 156 | 161 | Dual phosphorylation of S157 and S161 in the TrCP1-binding motif of NF-kappa-B inhibitor epsilon (NFKBIE) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| LMP1_EBVB9 | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 210 | 215 | Dual phosphorylation of S211 and S215 in the TrCP1-binding motif of Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| VPU_HV1BR | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 51 | 56 | Dual phosphorylation of S52 and S56 in the TrCP1-binding motif of Protein Vpu (vpu) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| PRLR_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 348 | 353 | Dual phosphorylation of S349 and S353 in the TrCP1-binding motif of Prolactin receptor (PRLR) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| ATF4_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 218 | 224 | Dual phosphorylation of S219 and S224 in the TrCP1-binding motif of Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-4 (ATF4) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| NFKB1_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 926 | 932 | Dual phosphorylation of S927 and S932 in the TrCP1-binding motif of Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit (NFKB1) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| IKBA_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 31 | 36 | Dual phosphorylation of S32 and S36 in the TrCP1-binding motif of NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| DLG1_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 597 | 602 | Dual phosphorylation of S598 and S602 in the TrCP1-binding motif of Disks large homolog 1 (DLG1) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| IKBB_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 18 | 23 | Dual phosphorylation of S19 and S23 in the TrCP1-binding motif of NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta (NFKBIB) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| PDCD4_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 70 | 76 | Dual phosphorylation of S71 and S76 in the TrCP1-binding motif of Programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| BORA_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 496 | 501 | Dual phosphorylation of S497 and T501 in the TrCP1-binding motif of Protein aurora borealis (BORA) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| CLSPN_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 29 | 34 | Dual phosphorylation of S30 and S34 in the TrCP1-binding motif of Claspin (CLSPN) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
| FBX5_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 144 | 149 | Dual phosphorylation of S145 and S149 in the TrCP1-binding motif of F-box only protein 5 (FBXO5) targets the protein to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, which marks it for degradation. | |||
Type: Binary Subtype: Pre‑translational | |||||||
| Pre-translational mechanisms such as alternative splicing, alternative promoter-usage and/or RNA editing result in inclusion or removal of exons that contain an entire or partial motif. | |||||||
| MPIP2_HUMAN | DEG_APCC_KENBOX_2 | 191 | 195 | Alternative splicing removes the APC/C KEN-box degron motif of M-phase inducer phosphatase 2 (CDC25B), abrogating binding to Fizzy-related protein homolog (FZR1). The motif-lacking Isoform CDC25B2 of M-phase inducer phosphatase 2 (CDC25B) is not degraded during mitosis, unlike other isoforms. | |||
| NEK2_HUMAN | DEG_APCC_DBOX_3 | 423 | 445 | Alternative splicing removes the extended D-box degron motif of Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek2 (NEK2), abrogating binding to Cell division cycle protein 20 homolog (CDC20). NEK2-A is targeted by APC/C-Cdc20 in early mitosis whereas Isoform Nek2B of Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek2 (NEK2) persists into late mitosis. Degradation of Isoform Nek2A of Serine/threonine-protein kinase Nek2 (NEK2) may be necessary to allow re-establishment of the intercentriolar linkage in late mitosis. | |||
| B2L11_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_2 | 93 | 98 | Alternative splicing removes the extended SCF-TrCP degron motif of Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11), abrogating binding to F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A (BTRC). Upon mitogen survival signals, RPS6KA1 and RPS6KA2 kinases are up-regulated and rapidly phosphorylate the three serines of Isoform Bim(EL) of Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11). This facilitates the binding of betaTrCP and subsequent ubiquitination and degradation of Isoform Bim(EL) of Bcl-2-like protein 11 (BCL2L11). | |||
| S35A2_HUMAN | TRG_ER_diLys_1 | 392 | 396 | Alternative splicing removes the di-lysine ER-retention motif of UDP-galactose translocator (SLC35A2), abrogating binding to Coatomer subunit alpha (COPA). This motif localises Isoform UGT1 of UDP-galactose translocator (SLC35A2) exclusively in the Golgi whereas Isoform UGT2 of UDP-galactose translocator (SLC35A2) shows dual expression in both the Golgi and the ER. This motif is considered a weak retention signal. | |||
| REST_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_2 | 1008 | 1013 | Alternative splicing removes the beta-TrCP-binding degron of RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST), abrogating binding to F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A (BTRC), and therefore altering the half-life of the variant. Up-regulation of the protein isoform without the degron has been linked to cancer. | |||
| PRLR_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 348 | 353 | Alternative Splicing removes the degron motif of Prolactin receptor (PRLR) abrogating binding to F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 11 (FBXW11). SCF-beta-TrCP2 negatively regulates the long isoform of PRLR (Isoform 1 of Prolactin receptor (PRLR)). Should be noted that TrCP2 has a predominately cytoplasmic localisation compared to TrCP1 that is located in the nucleus. The mechanism for the down-regulation of the intermediate (Isoform Intermediate of Prolactin receptor (PRLR)) and short (Isoform Short form 1a of Prolactin receptor (PRLR) and Isoform Short form 1b of Prolactin receptor (PRLR)) that lack the TrCP degron is still not known. However it should be noted that the short and intermediate are either partially deficient or entirely deficient in mediating the signal transduction pathways induced by PRL (see Kine et al. (1999) (here) and Ross et al. (1997) (here)). This though is likely due to the missing STAT5-SH2-binding motif. | |||
Type: Specificity Subtype: Altered binding specificity | |||||||
| The balance of the competition for overlapping or adjacent, mutually exclusive interaction interfaces is tipped in favor of one of the interactors by PTM-dependent modulation of the intrinsic affinity of a binding region. Multiple, successive PTMs allow sequential switching of different binding partners in an ordered manner by step-wise alteration of binding specificity. | |||||||
| CCNE1_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_FBW7_1 | 378 | 384 | Phosphorylation of Isoform E-S of G1/S-specific cyclin-E1 (CCNE1) at S384 by CDK2 primes CCNE1 for phosphorylation by Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B) at T380, which creates a recognition site for F box proteins of the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex (F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBXW7)) that target CCNE1 for degradation. | |||
| FGD1_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 282 | 287 | Phosphorylation of FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 1 (FGD1), a GEF for CDC42 small effector protein 2 (CDC42SE2), by Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B) targets FGD1 to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A (BTRC), which marks FGD1 for degradation. | |||
| FGD3_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 75 | 80 | Phosphorylation of FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 3 (FGD3), a GEF for CDC42 small effector protein 2 (CDC42SE2), by Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B) targets FGD3 to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A (BTRC), which marks FGD3 for degradation. | |||
| MYC_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_FBW7_1 | 55 | 62 | Phosphorylation of Myc proto-oncogene protein (MYC) at S62 by Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) primes MYC for phosphorylation by Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B), which targets MYC to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBXW7) that marks MYC for degradation. | |||
| JUN_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_FBW7_1 | 236 | 243 | Transcription factor AP-1 (JUN) is primed by an unknown kinase for phosphorylation by Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B), which targets JUN to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBXW7) that marks JUN for degradation. In v-Jun (Viral jun-transforming protein (JUN)) the residue corresponding to S243 is mutated to phenylalanine, which protects v-Jun (JUN) from degradation. | |||
| CCNE1_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_FBW7_1 | 393 | 399 | Phosphorylation of G1/S-specific cyclin-E1 (CCNE1) at S399 generates a docking site for Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B). Subsequent phosphorylation of CCNE1 by Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B) at T395 switches the specificity of CCNE1 to the F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBXW7), which recruits CCNE1 to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex to mark CCNE1 for degradation. | |||
| SRBP1_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_FBW7_1 | 425 | 430 | Phosphorylation of SREBP-1 (Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBF1)) at S430 generates a docking site for Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B). Subsequent phosphorylation of SREBP-1 (SREBF1) by GSK3B at T426 switches the specificity of SREBP-1 (SREBF1) to the F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 (FBXW7), which recruits SREBP-1 (SREBF1) to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex to mark SREBP-1 (SREBF1) for degradation. | |||
| CTNB1_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 32 | 37 | Phosphorylation of Catenin beta-1 (CTNNB1) at T41 generates a docking site for Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B), which then phosphorylates S37, thereby generating a new docking site for GSK3B. Subsequent phosphorylation of S33 by GSK3B switches the specificity of CTNNB1 to the F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A (BTRC), which recruits CTNNB1 to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complex. | |||
| SNAI1_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_1 | 95 | 100 | Phosphorylation of Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (SNAI1) at S100 generates a docking site for Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3B). Subsequent phosphorylation of S96 by GSK3B targets Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (SNAI1) to the SCF ubiquitin ligase complexes F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A (BTRC), which marks it for degradation. | |||
| YAP1_HUMAN | DEG_SCF_TRCP1_2 | 383 | 387 | Phosphorylation of Yorkie homolog (YAP1) at S381 by Serine/threonine-protein kinase LATS1 (LATS1) (a key regulator of the Hippo Pathway) primes the sequence for phosphorylation by Casein kinase I isoform epsilon (CSNK1E) at S384 and S387. This targets YAP1 to the SCF ubiqutin ligase complex, F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A (BTRC), which marks is YAP1 for subsequent degradation by the proteasomal system. N.B. Serine/threonine-protein kinase LATS2 (LATS2) can replace LATS1 and Casein kinase I isoform delta (CSNK1D) can replace CSNK1E | |||